What cellular division process always precedes formation of the sporophyte generation?

by verndogs

For the life cycle of an angiosperm.
And a few others:
1. What cellular division process always precedes formation of the sporophyte generation?
2. If the sexual generation gives rise to the gametes, what part of an angiosperm is sexual?
3. If the sexual generation gives rise to the gametes, what part of a bryophyte moss is sexual?

Answer by ScSpec
1. The sporophyte generations forms spores by meiosis so any other division process would have to be mitosis. Fusion of two cells forms a zygote which is the first stage of the sporophyte…
2. sexual reproduction occurs in the flower of angiosperms, and on the plant itself (within antheridia and archegonia) in moss.

Answer by Mrudul S
What cellular division process always precedes formation of the sporophyte generation?

Sporophyte generation starts from the fusion of male and female gametes. The gametes are formed by the meiotic division so both the gametes are haploid(n). Fusion of these gametes leads to the formation of zygote which is diploid (2n)and is the first step of sporophyte(2n). All further divisions of the zygote(2n) to form the embryo(2n) are mitotic everywhere the ploidy level remains diploid(2n). In angiosperms the embryo further germinates to form a plant which is sporophytic generation. The plant flowers and pollen grains are formed in the anthers. The pollen grains are formed after meiotic division and they are haploid(n). Subsequently the egg cell formed in the ovary is also haploid (n). IN angiosperms thus the gametophytic generation is limited only to pollen grain and the egg cell. These are the sexual generation of a angiosperm.
If the sexual generation gives rise to the gametes, what part of a bryophyte moss is sexual?
The gamete formation is sexual. In bryophytes gametophyte generation is dominant.

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I need to know which cellular organelle would have higher than normal quantities in the liver of an alcoholic. I am having the toughest time figuring this out.

Answer by nonomomowo
When alcohol is consumed, it passes from the stomach and intestines into the blood, a process referred to as absorption. Alcohol is then metabolized by enzymes, which are body chemicals that break down other chemicals. In the liver, an enzyme called alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) mediates the conversion of alcohol to acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde is rapidly converted to acetate by other enzymes and is eventually metabolized to carbon dioxide and water. Alcohol also is metabolized in the liver by the enzyme cytochrome P450IIE1 (CYP2E1), which may be increased after chronic drinking (3). Most of the alcohol consumed is metabolized in the liver, but the small quantity that remains unmetabolized permits alcohol concentration to be measured in breath and urine.

Most of the enzymes involved are in the cytoplasm, with the exception of cytochrome P450, which is located in mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum.

Tonoplast exists only in plants cells. Liver cells do not have tonoplast. Peroxisome’s main function is fatty acid oxidation.

Answer by indianwhizkid
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

The liver is responsible for filtering and removing toxins and harmful materials from your blood. This is particularly accomplished, by the enzymes produced by the smooth ER, which modify and activate them. These enzymes are responsible for detoxification, and will remove toxic byproducts of alcohol metabolism.

Smooth ER is meticulously related to the enhancement of tolerance. As alcoholics continue to drink, they are vital to eventually consume more and more alcohol to get the same physiological effect. This is due to the fact that liver cells increase production of smooth ER, which in turn increase production of detoxifying enzymes, as higher and higher levels of alcohol are present in the blood stream. The liver becomes more efficient at processing the alcohol, and the alcoholic therefore has to increase his or her intake to feel the same effect. This is the reason the smooth ER is highly developed in the liver cells of alcoholics.

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